The Voyage of the Challenger: The Atlantic

The Voyage of the "Challenger"

THE ATLANTIC

A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL RESULTS OF

THE EXPLORING VOYAGE OF H.M.S. "CHALLENGER"

DURING THE YEAR 1873
AND THE EARLY PART OF THE YEAR 1876

BY SIR C. WYVILLE THOMSON
DIRECTOR OF THE CIVILIAN SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE "CHALLENGER" EXPEDITION

IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL. I

1878.

HMS Challenger

reproduced from original documents in the library holdings of
Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
Copyright © 2002 by Dr. David C. Bossard

Bookplate (Dartmouth College 1878)

Frontispiece - Portrait of Sir Wyville Thomson

Dedication

Titlepage

Preface vi

Contents xv

Illustrations xvii

Plates xx

Chapter 1 Equipment of the Ship. 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 048 049 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 058 059 060 061 062 063 064 065 066 067 068 069 070 071 072 073 074 075 076 077 078 079 080 081 082 083 084 085 086 087 088 089 090 091 092 093 094 095 096 097 098 099 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

Chapter 2 From Portsmouth to Teneriffe. 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165

Chapter 3 Teneriffe to Sombrero. 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238

Chapter 4 St. Thomas to Bermudas. 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331

Chapter 5 The Gulf Stream 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391

[005]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

WOOD-CUTS.

Fig.
Page

1. THE NATURAL HISTORY WORK-ROOM 26

2. THE Chemical LABORATORY 33

3. APPARATUS FOR COLLECTING THE ATMOSPHERIC GASES FROM SEA-WATER 37

4. THE CARBONIC-ACID APPARATUS 40

5. THE GAS-ANALYSIS APPARATUS 43

6,7. ARRANGEMENT OF THE CAPILLARY PORTION OF THE GAS-ANALYSIS APPARATUS 44

8. GAS-GENERATING APPARATUS 46

9. SEA-GOING SAND-BATH 47

10. THE "SLIP WATER-BOTTLE" 49

11 INSTRUMENT FOR SLIPPING THE CYLINDER AT INTERMEDIATE DEPTHS 51

12. "BUCHANAN'S "STOPCOCK WATER-BOTTLE" 53

13. The HYDRAULIC PUMP 59

14. The BAILLIE SOUNDING-MACHINE 61

15. The "VALVE" SOUNDING-LEAD (IN SECTION) 62

16. THE DREDGE 63

17. The DREDGING AND SOUNDING ARRANGEMENTS ON BOARD THE "CHALLENGER" 65

18. The DEEP-SEA TRAWL 69

19. BELEM CASTLE, LISBON 114

20. THE PORCH OF SANTA MARIA, BELEM 115

21. QUADRANGLE OF THE MONASTERY OF SANTA MARIA, BELEM 116

22. CLOISTERS OF THE MONASTERY OF SANTA MARIA, BELEM 117

23. CORYPHÆNIDES SERRATUS, Lowe. Half the natural size (No. 4) 121

24. CARINARIA ATLAXTICA. Natural size. (No. 4) 124

25. CLIO PYRAMIDATA, Browne. Slightly enlarged. Surface (No. 4) 126

26. TRIPTERA COLUMELLA. Twice the natural size. (No. 4) 127

27. CYSTOSOMA NEPTUNI, Guerin-Méneville. Slightly reduced (No. 107) 131

28. EUPLECTELLA ASPELIGILLUM, Owen. Half the natural size. 134

29. EUPLECTELLA SUBEREA (sp. n.). Reduced one-third. (No. 5). 139

30. NARESIA CYATHUS (sp. n.). Slightly enlarged. (No. 6). 143

31. SALENIA VARISPINA, A. Ag. Four times the natural size (No. 6). 145

32. SALENIA VARISPINA, A. Ag. Showing the structure of the apical disk. 146

33. PHORMOSOMA URANUS (ep. n.). Natural size. (No. 6). 147

34. PHORMOSOMA URANUS (sp. n.). Apical surface. Natural size. (No 6). 147

[xviii]

35. PHORMOSOMA HOPLACANTHA (sp. n.). Southern Sea between Australia and New Zealand. Portion of the ventral surface of the test. Reduced one-third 148

36. UMBELLULARIA GRŒNLANDICA, L. Natural size. (No. 7). 150

37. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE DIRECTION AND FORCE OF THE WIND (DIRECTION SOUTH-WEST BY COMPASS; FORCE = 7 BY BEAUFORT'S SCALE) AT MIDNIGHT, JANUARY 1ST , 1873 . 158

38. POLIOPOGON AMANOU (sp. n.). One-third of the natural size. (No. 3). 171

39. ARCA (sp.). (No. 5). 174

40. LIMPOSIS (sp.). 174

41. LEDA(SP.). (No.5). 175

42. WILLEMOESIA LEPTODACTYLA, Von Willemoes-Suhm. Natural size. (No. 13). 183

43. SOLARIUM (sp.). Greatly enlarged. (No. 13). 185

44. ANTENNARIUS MARMORATUS. Natural size. From the surface 188

45. AVICULA (sp.). Greatly enlarged. (No. 16). 189

46. GLOBIGERINA BULLOIDES, from the surface. 202

47. ORBULINA UNIVERSA, D'Orbigny. From the surface. Fifty times the natural size. 205

48. PULVINULINA MENARDII, D'Orbigny: a, the upper; b. the under surface.
Thirty times the natural size. Dead shells from the bottom, at a depth of 1900 fathoms. 208

49. A "RHABDOSPHERE." From the surface. Five hundred times the natural size. 210

50. A "RHABDOSPHERE." From the surface. Two thousand times the natural size. 211

51. CALCAROMMA CALCAREA (sp. n.). With the pseudopodia contracted. From
the surface. Two hundred times the natural size. 220

52. DICTYOPODIUM (sp. n.). From the surface. Two hundred times the natural size. 221

53. XIPIKIACANTIIA (sp. n.). From the surface. One hundred times the naturaL size. The skeleton only. 222

54. HALIOMMA (sp. n.). From the surface. Two hundred times the natural size 223

55. CURVES CONSTRUCTED FROM SERIAL SOUNDINGS BETWEEN TENERIFFE AND SOM-BRERO ................faces 226

56. Curvies CONSTRUCTED FROM SERIAL ANN BOTTOM SOUNDINGS. A, in the Bay of Biscay; B, off the coast of Portugal; and C and D, between Teneriffe and Sombrero 228

57. DIAGRAM CONSTRUCTED FROM SERIAL SOUNDING No. 10 231

58. DIAGRAM CONSTRUCTED FROM SERIAL SOUNDING No. 1. 231

59. WILLEMOESIA CRUCIFER, Von Willemoes-Suhm x 2. (No. 23). 243

60. ASTACUS ZALEUCUS, Von Willemoes-Suhm. (No. 23) 245

61. CHÆTODERMA NITIDULUM, Lovén. (No. 24). 249

62. TROCHOCYATHUS CORONATUS, Pourtales, x 2. (No. 24) 250

63. DELTOCYATHUS AGASSIZIT, Pourtales, X 4. (No. 24). 253

64. DELTOCYATHUS AGASSIZIT, Pourtales Stellate variety. From a depth of 200 fathoms, near Bermudas 255

65. CRYPTOHELIA PUDICA, Milne-Edwards Twice the natural size. (No. 24). 256

66. HYALONEMA TOXERES (sp. n.). Upper surface, natural size. (No. 24) 258

[xix]

67. HYALONEMA TOXERES (sp. n.) Lower surface of the sponge, natural size. (No. 24) 259

68. HYALONEMA TOXERES (sp. n.). Part of the membrane from the upper surface, X40. (No.24). 260

69. HYALONEMA TOXERES (sp. n.). A young specimen, x 2. (No. 24) 261

70. THERMMETER TUBES BROKEN BY PRESSURE AT STATION 25. A, Thermometer No. 39; B,No.42 264

71. CURVES CONSTRUCTED FROM SERIAL TEMPERATURE SOUNDINGS BETWEEN ST. THOMAS AND BERMUDAS 267

72. GROUP OF GRU-GRU PALMS ON THE CROQUET-LAWN, MOUNT LANGTON. 281

73. STRATIFIED ÆOLIAN ROCKS, BERMUDAS 288

74. SAND-GLACIER OVERWHELMING A GARDEN, ELBOW BAY, BERMUDAS (From a Photograph). 290

75. CHIMNEY OF A COTTAGE WHICH HAS BEEN BETRIED BY A SAND-GLACIER, ELBOW BAY, BERMUDAS. (From a Photograph) 291

76. ÆOLIAN LIMESTONE BEDS IN PROCESS OF FORMATION, SHOWING STRATIFICATION, AND The REMAINS OF A GROVE OF CEDARS WHICH HAS BEEN OVERWHELMED, ELBOW BAY, BERMUDAS. (From a Photograph) 292

77. SECTION EXPOSED IN EXCAVATING THE BED FOR THE FLOATING DOCK, IRELAND ISLAND, BERMUDAS 297

78. ENTRANCE TO THE "CONVOLVULUS CAVE," WALSINGHAM, BERMUDAS (From a Photograph) 302

79. CALCAIREOUS CONCRETION SIMULATING A FOSSIL Palm - STEM, BOAZ ISLAND, BERMUDAS 306

80. CALCAREOUS CONCRETION IN ÆOLIAN LIMESTONE, BERMUDAS 307

81. CALCAREOUS CONCRETION IN ÆOLIAN LIMESTONE, BERMUDAS 307

82. CALCAREOUS CONCRETION, BERMUDAS. 308

83. CALCAREOUS CONCRETIONS IN LOLIAN ROCK, BERMUDAS 309

84. CONCRETIONS IN ÆOLIAN ROCK , BERMUDAS 310

85. CEDAR AVENUE, HAMILTON, BERMUDAS. (From a Photograph) 313

86. NATURAL SWAMP-VEGETATION, BERMUDAS. (From a Photograph) 315

87. PAPAW-TREES (Carica papaya), IN THE GARDEN AT CLARENCE HILL (From a Photograph) 319

88. MADRACIS ASPERULA 334

89. THE CURRENT-DRAG AND WATCH-BUOY 336

90. RESULT OF CURRENT OBSERVATIONS MADE ON TIlE 24TH OF APRIL REDUCED TO A DIAGRAMMATIC FORM 338

91. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE RELATION BETWEEN DEPTH AND TEMPERATURE AT STATIONS 41 AND 42 342

92. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE RELATION BETWEEN DEPTH AND TEMPERATURE AT STATION 43 342

93. CURVES CONSTRUCTED FROM SERIAL TEMPERATURE SOUNDINGS BETWEEN BERMUDAS AND SANDY HOOK 347

94. DIAGRAM SHOWING ThE RELATION BETWEEN DEPTH AND TEMPERATURE AT STATION 44 849

95. ACESTE BELLIDIFERA (sp. n.). A, Upper surface; B, Under surface. Twice the natural size. (No.44) 350

96. ACESTE BELLIDIFERA (sp. n.). Inner surface of the test. Twice the naturalsize. (No.44) 351

[xx]

97. PORCELLANASTER CERtYLEUS (sp. n.). Oral surface. Natural size. (No. 45). 352

98. PORCELLANASTER CERULEUS (sp. n.). Dorsal surface. . Natural, size. (No. 45). 353

99. AËROPE ROSTRATA (sp. n.). Four times the natural size. (No. 45) 354

100. CURVES CONSTRUCTED FROM TEMPERATURE SOUNDINGS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC. 362

101. CURVES CONSTRUCTED FROM TEMPERATURE SOUNDINGS IN THE NORTH PACIFIC. 366

102. CALYMNE RELICTA (sp. n.). A, oral; B, apical aspect, slightly enlarged. (No. 54) 369

103. CALYMNE RELICTA (sp. n.). Oral and apical aspects of the denuded test. 370

104. OPHIOGLYPIJA BULLATA (sp. n.). . Dorsal aspect. Three times the natural size. (No. 54) 372

105. OPHIOGLYPHA BULLATA (sp. n.). Oral aspect. Five times the natural size. (No. 54) 373

106. LEFROYELLA DECORA (sp. n.). Natural size. (No. 56) 374

VIGNETTES

images

400ppi H.M.S. "CHALLENGER" 72

400ppi GIBRALTAR, FROM THE SEA 159

400ppi ÆOLIAN ROCKS, BERMUDAS 322

400ppi NATIVES OF SAN VICENTE 375

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES

Plate 400 ppi	Plate 100 ppi		Face page
I.	I.	THE TRACK OF THE SHIP FROM PORTSMOUTH TO TENERIFFE	120
II.	II.	METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF DECEMBER, 1872	128
III.	III.	METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY, 1873	136
IV.	IV.	THE TRACK OF THE SHIP FROM TENERIFFE TO SOMBRERO, SHOWING THE DATE, THE POSITION, THE DEPTH, AND THE NATURE OF THE BOTTOM AT EACH OBSERVING STATION	168
V.	V.	DIAGRAM OF THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE BETWEEN TENERIFFE AND SOMBRERO	172
VI.	VI.	METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY, 1873.	176
VII.	VII.	METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF MARCH, 1873.	192
VIII.	VIII.	THE TRACK OF THE SHIP BETWEEN ST. THOMAS, BERMUDAS, AND HALIFAX.	240
IX.	IX.	DIAGRAM OF TUE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE BETWEEN ST. THOMAS AND HALIFAX	256
X.	X.	CHART OF BERMUDAS	272
XI.	XI.	DIAGRAM OF THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE BETWEEN BERMUDAS AND SANDY HOOK	334
XII.	XII.	DIAGRAM SHOWING THE SURFACE TEMPERATURES OBSERVED IN CROSSING AND RECROSSING THE GULF-STREAM	338
XIII.	XIII.	METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL, 1873	340
XIV.	XIV.	METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF MAY, 1873	344

Fig.		Page
1.	THE NATURAL HISTORY WORK-ROOM	26
2.	THE Chemical LABORATORY	33
3.	APPARATUS FOR COLLECTING THE ATMOSPHERIC GASES FROM SEA-WATER	37
4.	THE CARBONIC-ACID APPARATUS	40
5.	THE GAS-ANALYSIS APPARATUS	43
6,7.	ARRANGEMENT OF THE CAPILLARY PORTION OF THE GAS-ANALYSIS APPARATUS	44
8.	GAS-GENERATING APPARATUS	46
9.	SEA-GOING SAND-BATH	47
10.	THE "SLIP WATER-BOTTLE"	49
11	INSTRUMENT FOR SLIPPING THE CYLINDER AT INTERMEDIATE DEPTHS	51
12.	"BUCHANAN'S "STOPCOCK WATER-BOTTLE"	53
13.	The HYDRAULIC PUMP	59
14.	The BAILLIE SOUNDING-MACHINE	61
15.	The "VALVE" SOUNDING-LEAD (IN SECTION)	62
16.	THE DREDGE	63
17.	The DREDGING AND SOUNDING ARRANGEMENTS ON BOARD THE "CHALLENGER"	65
18.	The DEEP-SEA TRAWL	69
19.	BELEM CASTLE, LISBON	114
20.	THE PORCH OF SANTA MARIA, BELEM	115
21.	QUADRANGLE OF THE MONASTERY OF SANTA MARIA, BELEM	116
22.	CLOISTERS OF THE MONASTERY OF SANTA MARIA, BELEM	117
23.	CORYPHÆNIDES SERRATUS, Lowe. Half the natural size (No. 4)	121
24.	CARINARIA ATLAXTICA. Natural size. (No. 4)	124
25.	CLIO PYRAMIDATA, Browne. Slightly enlarged. Surface (No. 4)	126
26.	TRIPTERA COLUMELLA. Twice the natural size. (No. 4)	127
27.	CYSTOSOMA NEPTUNI, Guerin-Méneville. Slightly reduced (No. 107)	131
28.	EUPLECTELLA ASPELIGILLUM, Owen. Half the natural size.	134
29.	EUPLECTELLA SUBEREA (sp. n.). Reduced one-third. (No. 5).	139
30.	NARESIA CYATHUS (sp. n.). Slightly enlarged. (No. 6).	143
31.	SALENIA VARISPINA, A. Ag. Four times the natural size (No. 6).	145
32.	SALENIA VARISPINA, A. Ag. Showing the structure of the apical disk.	146
33.	PHORMOSOMA URANUS (ep. n.). Natural size. (No. 6).	147
34.	PHORMOSOMA URANUS (sp. n.). Apical surface. Natural size. (No 6).	147

[xviii]
35.	PHORMOSOMA HOPLACANTHA (sp. n.). Southern Sea between Australia and New Zealand. Portion of the ventral surface of the test. Reduced one-third	148
36.	UMBELLULARIA GRŒNLANDICA, L. Natural size. (No. 7).	150
37.	DIAGRAM SHOWING THE DIRECTION AND FORCE OF THE WIND (DIRECTION SOUTH-WEST BY COMPASS; FORCE = 7 BY BEAUFORT'S SCALE) AT MIDNIGHT, JANUARY 1ST , 1873 .	158
38.	POLIOPOGON AMANOU (sp. n.). One-third of the natural size. (No. 3).	171
39.	ARCA (sp.). (No. 5).	174
40.	LIMPOSIS (sp.).	174
41.	LEDA(SP.). (No.5).	175
42.	WILLEMOESIA LEPTODACTYLA, Von Willemoes-Suhm. Natural size. (No. 13).	183
43.	SOLARIUM (sp.). Greatly enlarged. (No. 13).	185
44.	ANTENNARIUS MARMORATUS. Natural size. From the surface	188
45.	AVICULA (sp.). Greatly enlarged. (No. 16).	189
46.	GLOBIGERINA BULLOIDES, from the surface.	202
47.	ORBULINA UNIVERSA, D'Orbigny. From the surface. Fifty times the natural size.	205
48.	PULVINULINA MENARDII, D'Orbigny: a, the upper; b. the under surface. Thirty times the natural size. Dead shells from the bottom, at a depth of 1900 fathoms.	208
49.	A "RHABDOSPHERE." From the surface. Five hundred times the natural size.	210
50.	A "RHABDOSPHERE." From the surface. Two thousand times the natural size.	211
51.	CALCAROMMA CALCAREA (sp. n.). With the pseudopodia contracted. From the surface. Two hundred times the natural size.	220
52.	DICTYOPODIUM (sp. n.). From the surface. Two hundred times the natural size.	221
53.	XIPIKIACANTIIA (sp. n.). From the surface. One hundred times the naturaL size. The skeleton only.	222
54.	HALIOMMA (sp. n.). From the surface. Two hundred times the natural size	223
55.	CURVES CONSTRUCTED FROM SERIAL SOUNDINGS BETWEEN TENERIFFE AND SOM-BRERO ................faces	226
56.	Curvies CONSTRUCTED FROM SERIAL ANN BOTTOM SOUNDINGS. A, in the Bay of Biscay; B, off the coast of Portugal; and C and D, between Teneriffe and Sombrero	228
57.	DIAGRAM CONSTRUCTED FROM SERIAL SOUNDING No. 10	231
58.	DIAGRAM CONSTRUCTED FROM SERIAL SOUNDING No. 1.	231
59.	WILLEMOESIA CRUCIFER, Von Willemoes-Suhm x 2. (No. 23).	243
60.	ASTACUS ZALEUCUS, Von Willemoes-Suhm. (No. 23)	245
61.	CHÆTODERMA NITIDULUM, Lovén. (No. 24).	249
62.	TROCHOCYATHUS CORONATUS, Pourtales, x 2. (No. 24)	250
63.	DELTOCYATHUS AGASSIZIT, Pourtales, X 4. (No. 24).	253
64.	DELTOCYATHUS AGASSIZIT, Pourtales Stellate variety. From a depth of 200 fathoms, near Bermudas	255
65.	CRYPTOHELIA PUDICA, Milne-Edwards Twice the natural size. (No. 24).	256
66.	HYALONEMA TOXERES (sp. n.). Upper surface, natural size. (No. 24)	258

[xix]
67.	HYALONEMA TOXERES (sp. n.) Lower surface of the sponge, natural size. (No. 24)	259
68.	HYALONEMA TOXERES (sp. n.). Part of the membrane from the upper surface, X40. (No.24).	260
69.	HYALONEMA TOXERES (sp. n.). A young specimen, x 2. (No. 24)	261
70.	THERMMETER TUBES BROKEN BY PRESSURE AT STATION 25. A, Thermometer No. 39; B,No.42	264
71.	CURVES CONSTRUCTED FROM SERIAL TEMPERATURE SOUNDINGS BETWEEN ST. THOMAS AND BERMUDAS	267
72.	GROUP OF GRU-GRU PALMS ON THE CROQUET-LAWN, MOUNT LANGTON.	281
73.	STRATIFIED ÆOLIAN ROCKS, BERMUDAS	288
74.	SAND-GLACIER OVERWHELMING A GARDEN, ELBOW BAY, BERMUDAS (From a Photograph).	290
75.	CHIMNEY OF A COTTAGE WHICH HAS BEEN BETRIED BY A SAND-GLACIER, ELBOW BAY, BERMUDAS. (From a Photograph)	291
76.	ÆOLIAN LIMESTONE BEDS IN PROCESS OF FORMATION, SHOWING STRATIFICATION, AND The REMAINS OF A GROVE OF CEDARS WHICH HAS BEEN OVERWHELMED, ELBOW BAY, BERMUDAS. (From a Photograph)	292
77.	SECTION EXPOSED IN EXCAVATING THE BED FOR THE FLOATING DOCK, IRELAND ISLAND, BERMUDAS	297
78.	ENTRANCE TO THE "CONVOLVULUS CAVE," WALSINGHAM, BERMUDAS (From a Photograph)	302
79.	CALCAIREOUS CONCRETION SIMULATING A FOSSIL Palm - STEM, BOAZ ISLAND, BERMUDAS	306
80.	CALCAREOUS CONCRETION IN ÆOLIAN LIMESTONE, BERMUDAS	307
81.	CALCAREOUS CONCRETION IN ÆOLIAN LIMESTONE, BERMUDAS	307
82.	CALCAREOUS CONCRETION, BERMUDAS.	308
83.	CALCAREOUS CONCRETIONS IN LOLIAN ROCK, BERMUDAS	309
84.	CONCRETIONS IN ÆOLIAN ROCK , BERMUDAS	310
85.	CEDAR AVENUE, HAMILTON, BERMUDAS. (From a Photograph)	313
86.	NATURAL SWAMP-VEGETATION, BERMUDAS. (From a Photograph)	315
87.	PAPAW-TREES (Carica papaya), IN THE GARDEN AT CLARENCE HILL (From a Photograph)	319
88.	MADRACIS ASPERULA	334
89.	THE CURRENT-DRAG AND WATCH-BUOY	336
90.	RESULT OF CURRENT OBSERVATIONS MADE ON TIlE 24TH OF APRIL REDUCED TO A DIAGRAMMATIC FORM	338
91.	DIAGRAM SHOWING THE RELATION BETWEEN DEPTH AND TEMPERATURE AT STATIONS 41 AND 42	342
92.	DIAGRAM SHOWING THE RELATION BETWEEN DEPTH AND TEMPERATURE AT STATION 43	342
93.	CURVES CONSTRUCTED FROM SERIAL TEMPERATURE SOUNDINGS BETWEEN BERMUDAS AND SANDY HOOK	347
94.	DIAGRAM SHOWING ThE RELATION BETWEEN DEPTH AND TEMPERATURE AT STATION 44	849
95.	ACESTE BELLIDIFERA (sp. n.). A, Upper surface; B, Under surface. Twice the natural size. (No.44)	350
96.	ACESTE BELLIDIFERA (sp. n.). Inner surface of the test. Twice the naturalsize. (No.44)	351

[xx]
97.	PORCELLANASTER CERtYLEUS (sp. n.). Oral surface. Natural size. (No. 45).	352
98.	PORCELLANASTER CERULEUS (sp. n.). Dorsal surface. . Natural, size. (No. 45).	353
99.	AËROPE ROSTRATA (sp. n.). Four times the natural size. (No. 45)	354
100.	CURVES CONSTRUCTED FROM TEMPERATURE SOUNDINGS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC.	362
101.	CURVES CONSTRUCTED FROM TEMPERATURE SOUNDINGS IN THE NORTH PACIFIC.	366
102.	CALYMNE RELICTA (sp. n.). `A, oral; B,` apical aspect, slightly enlarged. (No. 54)	369
103.	CALYMNE RELICTA (sp. n.). `Oral` and apical aspects of the denuded test.	370
104.	OPHIOGLYPIJA BULLATA (sp. n.). . Dorsal aspect. Three times the natural size. (No. 54)	372
105.	OPHIOGLYPHA BULLATA (sp. n.). Oral aspect. Five times the natural size. `(No.` 54)	373
106.	LEFROYELLA DECORA (sp. n.). Natural size. (No. 56)	374

	VIGNETTES
images
400ppi	H.M.S. "CHALLENGER"	72
400ppi	GIBRALTAR, FROM THE SEA	159
400ppi	ÆOLIAN ROCKS, BERMUDAS	322
400ppi	NATIVES OF SAN VICENTE	375